Poster Symposium Presentations
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1. DIFFERENT LAND USE PRACTICES EFFECTS ON WHITE BLOOD CELL & IGM COUNTS ALONG WITH SEASONAL DIFFERENCES IN IGM COUNTS IN STREAM FISH IN MACON COUNTY, ILLINOIS
Author(s):
Chase Travis, Millikin University
Dr. Travis Wilcoxen, Millikin University
Faculty Sponsor(s):
Dr. Travis Wilcoxen
Abstract/Description:
Humans use different land practices that can harm animals that are living near these areas. This study looks at the white blood cell and IgM counts of different habitat types as well as the seasonal effects of IgM counts. The three habitats studied were agricultural, urban/residential and protected areas. Previous research has shown the effects of pollutants to be more abundant with greater effects in agricultural and urban/residential sites compared to protected sites. These studies showed more white blood cells and IgM in agricultural and urban sites. Therefore, it was hypothesized that the fish collected from protected sites will have lower amounts of white blood cells and IgM than those collected from agricultural and urban locations. During this study, eight different species of fish were captured, with a total of 410. They were collected from 11 different sites in Macon County, Illinois, using a 2-meter seining net or a cast net. The samples were collected and analyzed through a microscope and by assay. The results showed increased numbers of both heterophils and lymphocytes in agricultural and protected sites compared to urban/residential sites. Also, higher amounts of IgM in agricultural sites than in the other two sites. The fish had higher IgM levels in the fall compared to summer. Therefore, our findings demonstrate that fish invest less of their resources into their immune system in urban/residential areas compared to agricultural and protected habitats and less into their immune system in the summer.
2. TRADEOFFS IN REPRODUCTION, BODY CONDITION, AND IMMUNE DEFENSE IN BREEDING AND NON-BREEDING NORTHERN CARDINALS (CARDINALIS CARDINALIS)
Author(s):
Aleyda McPherson, Millikin University
Dr. Travis Wilcoxen, Millikin University
Faculty Sponsor(s):
Dr. Travis Wilcoxen
Abstract/Description:
The physiological demands of songbirds changes year round, associated with breeding, molting, and overwintering. The changing demands can lead to changes in investment in immune defenses, and investing in one costly physiological process may require tradeoffs that limit another. We examined tradeoffs in immunity and reproductive investment in Northern Cardinals during the breeding season and seasonal differences in immune/body condition relationships. We measured cloacal protuberances of breeding male cardinals and brood patches on breeding female cardinals, collected other morphometrics, and took blood samples from each bird. From blood samples, we completed a bacterial killing assay for breeding birds and made blood smears in the field, staining them, and counting the number of white blood cells (WBC) within 50 fields of view using oil immersion, to compare immune investment across seasons. We found significant, linear relationships between reproductive investment and immune defense in breeding birds. We also found that the relationship between body condition and WBC count differed by season. In the Fall, outside of breeding, only 12.7% of the variance in WBC could be explained by body condition. However, in the Summer, during breeding, 30.7% of the variance in WBC could be explained by body condition. We also found that birds were in better body condition on average when captured during breeding than in the Fall after breeding. Our results demonstrate how physiological tradeoffs develop in Northern Cardinals across seasons and with different physiological demands.
3. SIGNIFICANCE OF ASPERGILLUS AS A PATHOGEN TO BIRDS OF PREY IN CENTRAL ILLINOIS
Author(s):
Hailey Gula, Millikin University
Dr. Travis Wilcoxen, Millikin University
Jacques Nuzzo, Illinois Raptor Center
Beth Chan, Illinois Raptor Center
Jane Seitz, Illinois Raptor Center
Faculty Sponsor(s):
Dr. Travis Wilcoxen
Abstract/Description:
Aspergillosis is a fungal infection caused by the inhalation of fungal spores. These fungal spores are commonly found in warm, moist composting organic matter. Aspergillosis cases have been reported in mammals and birds, however, avian species are known to be especially susceptible to Aspergillosis, due to the constant exposure of the spores within their ecosystem. Aspergillosis affects the respiratory system and is shown clinically by increased respiration rates, weight loss, diarrhea, and fatigue, and in severe neurological cases, raptors may display coordination issues and neck twisting. The purpose of this study is to compare the prevalence of Aspergillus fumigatus-specific antibodies in wild-captured raptors to those brought to the Illinois Raptor Center for rehabilitation, and to see if there is a disproportionate number of raptors admitted for rehabilitation that were infected, which may suggest that Aspergillosis infection is a significant cause of illness or injury. We hypothesize that wild-caught raptors will have evidence of prior Aspergillosis less frequently than the raptors admitted to the Illinois Raptor Center for rehabilitation. We will use an indirect ELISA for IgY specific to Aspergillus, with Aspergillus gliotoxin as the antigen target to determine infection history for each bird. This study will shed light on the prevalence of this disease in wild raptor populations and help understand its role in causing illness in birds of prey.
4. WEST NILE VIRUS IN BIRDS OF PREY: MINOR PEST OR MAJOR PROBLEM?
Author(s):
Abby Heberling, Millikin University
Dr. Travis Wilcoxen, Millikin University
Jacques Nuzzo, Illinois Raptor Center
Beth Chan, Illinois Raptor Center
Jane Seitz, Illinois Raptor Center
Faculty Sponsor(s):
Dr. Travis Wilcoxen
Abstract/Description:
West Nile Virus is an important pathogen for its role in affecting wildlife and its role as a zoonotic disease. However, with birds as the primary reservoir host, many birds can tolerate the infection with few ill effects. For this study, we explored West Nile Virus infection history from September 2023 to January 2025 in birds of prey captured as apparently health birds and in birds of prey admitted to the Illinois Raptor Center for rehabilitation. This survey included samples from five species: American Kestrels, Barred Owls, Cooper’s Hawks, Red-shouldered Hawks, and Red-tailed Hawks. Plasma from blood samples were run through an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay – each for immunoglobulin M (which indicates a recent infection) and immunoglobulin Y (which indicates an infection at some point on the scale of months). The percentage of rehabilitation birds with significantly elevated IgM to West Nile Virus antigen was 23.24%, while the percentage of elevated IgM to West Nile Virus in the blood of wild caught birds was 2.94%. The percentage of IgY positive in rehab birds was 27.91%, and wild caught birds was 23.53%. A significantly higher prevalence of birds with elevated IgY to the virus compared to the prevalence of IgM shows that the birds are surviving West Nile Virus. Our results clearly demonstrate that West Nile Virus is a cause for illness and admission for rehabilitation in birds of prey in Central Illinois.
5. LATE-STAGE IMMUNE RESPONSES TO SELF-ANTIGENS IN TADPOLES: POTENTIAL AS A LUPUS MODEL
Author(s):
Emily Edwards, Millikin University
Dr. Travis Wilcoxen, Millikin University
Faculty Sponsor(s):
Dr. Travis Wilcoxen
Abstract/Description:
During late developmental stages, tadpoles actively suppress their immune systems to avoid rejecting adult organs and tissues formed during metamorphosis. This immunosuppression is characterized by a drastic reduction in levels of thymocytes and splenic lymphocytes. However, tadpoles have to maintain the self-tolerance of tadpole tissues while subjecting adult lymphocytes to a second wave of negative selection to develop adult self-tolerance. The period of both tadpole and adult self-tolerance during metamorphosis is called split tolerance. Studies have shown that adults may lose tolerance to certain larval antigens, which could lead to a lupus-like autoimmune reaction. Lupus is an autoimmune disease in which autoantibodies attack healthy organs and tissues. We hypothesized that if injected with tail tissue from early in development at later developmental stages, Cuban treefrog tadpoles (Osteopilus septentrionalis) would develop a lupus-like autoimmune response to the antigenic tissue. Eighty O. septentrionalis tadpoles were divided into four groups: true control, saline injection, IL-2 injection, and antigen injection. The IL-2 group developed significantly less than the other groups. The IL-2 group had significantly more lymphocytes than all other groups. A direct Interferon γ (IFN γ) ELISA was also performed. We found that tadpoles injected with IL-2 significantly elevated their IFN γ levels beyond that of all other groups, though those injected with self-antigen did elevate IFN γ significantly as well. These results show that immune activation is possible during O. septentrionalis metamorphosis; however, no significant autoimmune reaction was stimulated.
6. - Poster withdrawn
7. ANTIBIOTIC PRODUCTION IN NON-PATHOGENIC PSEUDOMONAS STRAINS GROWN IN DIFFERENT SUGAR SOURCES
Author(s):
Zahra Haji, Millikin University
Dr. Jenna Smith, Millikin University
Faculty Sponsor(s):
Dr. Jenna Smith
Abstract/Description:
Antibiotic resistance has become a growing concern. A group of pathogens abbreviated as ESKAPE are the most prevalent and most likely to display antibiotic resistance. Pseudomonas aeruginosa, in particular, has an extraordinary ability to resist antibiotics, causing it to be extremely difficult to eradicate. There is a current need to develop alternative therapeutic strategies that will help fight P. aeruginosa infections. Interestingly, not all Pseudomonas strains are pathogenic. There are non-pathogenic strains found in soil that can produce antibiotic chemicals as a competitive advantage. The six Pseudomonas strains that I performed research with were previously isolated from soil from areas in and around Decatur, Illinois. These strains showed to have antibiotic activity against safe relatives to ESKAPE pathogens. I hypothesized that non-pathogenic Pseudomonas strains 5, 25, 23, 16, MH 1.4, and MH 1.2 grown in different sugar sources, such as glucose and corn syrup, will inhibit the growth of various microbes. Based on the results found in these experiments, my hypothesis was supported. The Pseudomonas strains, especially strains 25 and 16 grown in glucose and corn syrup plates, inhibited the growth of various ESKAPE relatives and other Pseudomonas strains. Within these plates that did demonstrate zones of inhibition, it was observed that corn syrup is a better medium than glucose for the production of antibiotics effective against ESKAPE relatives and Pseudomonas strains.
8. DEVELOPMENT OF A METHOD FOR MEASURING AGGREGATION OF ALPHA-SYNUCLEIN USING SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE
Author(s):
Katelyn Wendt, Millikin University
Dr. Jenna Smith, Millikin University
Faculty Sponsor(s):
Dr. Jenna Smith
Abstract/Description:
Parkinson's disease is a neurodegenerative disorder commonly known for impairing motor function, creating issues such as tremors, abnormal gait and posture, and bradykinesia. At a molecular level, some of the defining attributes of Parkinson's disease include the formation of Lewy bodies and dopaminergic neuron depletion, both of which are closely associated with the aggregation of alpha-synuclein, a protein encoded by the human SNCA gene. Using a plasmid encoding this gene, we transformed yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae for use as a model. Our initial focus for this project was to find a reliable method to detect and quantify alpha-synuclein aggregation so that we could test ways of reducing the aggregation. We used spot assays to monitor how alpha-synuclein impacts growth of the yeast, and results from these spot assays suggest that expression of alpha-synuclein was successfully induced in the transformed yeast samples. Initial attempts using polyacrylamide protein gels to directly detect alpha-synuclein aggregates were unsuccessful. Our current focus is using Western blotting, a more targeted protein detection method, to monitor alpha synuclein expression and aggregation. Studies have found that the aminosterols squalamine, trodusquemine, and ENT-03 can inhibit aggregation of alpha-synuclein because of their ability to bind and displace alpha synuclein. Once we establish a reliable method to detect alpha-synuclein aggregates, our long-term goal is to identify similar products that share this activity, potentially identifying novel therapeutic compounds for Parkinson's disease.
9. A LOOK INTO PRESCRIBED BURNING OF PRAIRIE FIELDS AND THE EFFECTS IT HAS ON THE AMOUNT OF CERTAIN MYCORRIZHAL FUNGI
Author(s):
Hope Moore, Millikin University
Dr. Alicia Knudson, Millikin University
Faculty Sponsor(s):
Dr. Alicia Knudson
Abstract/Description:
Prescribed burning is a commonly used practice to aid in the management of invasive species in conservation areas. Macon County Conservation District utilizes prescribed fires to help maintain both prairie land and deciduous areas. While prescribed burning is beneficial to the removal of invasive species like bush honeysuckle, there may be other things that the high heat of the burning could affect negatively. Mycorrhizal fungi are an important part of local ecosystems, and many plant species depend on these mycorrhizal relationships to help absorb nutrients from the soil. There are many types of mycorrhizal fungi, and not all of them produce visible fruiting bodies. This experiment involved collecting the soil from a burned prairie plot to determine the effects of prescribed burning on the population of mycorrhizal fungi. The presence of mycorrhizal fungi was recorded and compared in three different sample sets from different times of the burning period.
10. ANALYZING THE EFFECT AND RATE OF FATIGUE IN NON-DOMINANT AND DOMINANT ARMS THROUGH GRIP STRENGTH
Author(s):
Landon Hullinger, Millikn University
Dr. Jennifer Schroeder, Millikin University
Faculty Sponsor(s):
Dr. Jennifer Schroeder
Abstract/Description:
When determining strength within individuals, a common form of action revolves around one’s grip strength. The amount of force in which an individual can exert, and for how long, is used to determine their overall strength when gripping an object. Fatigue plays a major role within the duration of how long a grip can be held, in which the contraction and use of the wrist and forearm muscles within the arm begin to fatigue over a period of time, which results in a decrease in the exerted force. The data collection of this experiment revolved around the measurements of overall muscle force and EMG activity of participants within their dominant and nondominant arms. The demographic in which this experiment was performed revolved around male and female college athletes aged 19-22. In order to collect this data, participants were instructed to grip a dynamometer at max force for as long as they could. Through this experimental setup, the rate of fatigue in both arms can be analyzed to form statistical results in how the dominance of an arm influences the rate of fatigue and grip strength. I hypothesize that the overall force and EMG activity will be higher amongst all individuals when performing with their dominant arm rather than their non-dominant.
11. ANTIBIOTIC PRODUCTION IN THE SUMMER VS. WINTER BY BACTERIA FROM SOIL SAMPLES IN CENTRAL ILLINOIS
Author(s):
Sophia Gibbs, Millikin University
Dr. Jenna Smith, Milllikin University
Faculty Sponsor(s):
Dr. Jenna Smith
Abstract/Description:
Antibiotic resistance is a growing problem in the world of medicine. The research initiative Tiny Earth was created to try and combat this problem. In June of 2023 and January 2024, bacterial soil isolates were collected from a site in Fairview Park in Decatur, Illinois, and screened for antibiotic production against safe relatives of ESKAPE pathogens, a group of bacteria associated with the largest number of antibiotic resistance infections. The bacteria were grown on four different types of plates to increase the diversity of isolates: tryptic soy agar, Mueller-Hinton agar, DNAse test agar, and mannitol salt agar. Twelve isolates from each plate were chosen to test for antibiotic production using a spread-patch assay. For isolates that showed antibiotic production, polymerase chain reaction was performed to amplify the 16S rRNA gene, gel electrophoresis confirmed DNA presence in the samples, and the DNA was sent off to an outside lab to be sequenced. Nine antibiotic-producing soil isolates were identified from June 2023 sampling, and 32 were identified from three samples collected in January 2024. The summer strains found included Pseudomonas, Curtobacterium flaccumfaciens, Bacillus, and Streptomyces. The winter strains found were Pseudomonas frederiksbergensis, Peribacillus huizhouensis, Bacillus sp. (in: firmicutes), and Pseudomonas koreensis. More antibiotic producing isolates were found in the winter, but overall less DNA sequencing results were found. Mueller-Hinton agar produced the most amount of antibiotic isolates in the summer, while mannitol Salt Agar produced the most for the winter samples.
12. EXPLORING THE ROLE OF TRACE METALS IN PROTEIN AGGREGATION IN A YEAST MODEL OF ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE
Author(s):
Erin Powell, Millikin University
Dr. Jenna Smith, Milllikin University
Faculty Sponsor(s):
Dr. Jenna Smith
Abstract/Description:
Protein aggregation is a hallmark of many neurodegenertive diseases, like Alzheimer's disease. This study investigates the effects of zinc on protein aggregation in yeast. The plates used had a varying range of zinc concentrations added to them. There were two sets of plates, complete and minus histidine. To test the effect of zinc on the protein aggregation, a set of spot assays were done and an overnight growth process. The number of colonies and color of colonies were recorded for each set of plates. This study provides insights into trace metals and their effects on protein aggregation.
13. THE EFFECT OF ELLAGIC ACID AND QUERCETIN ON THYROID CARCINOMA
Author(s):
Tori Schuler, Millikin University
Dr. Jennifer Schroeder, Millikin University
Faculty Sponsor(s):
Dr. Jennifer Schroeder
Abstract/Description:
There are four different types of thyroid cancer: papillary, follicular, medullary, and anaplastic. The MDA-T41 cell line is obtained from papillary thyroid cancer. In this experiment, the effect of ellagic acid and quercetin was tested on the MDA-T41 Thyroid Carcinoma cell line, which allows for further research to determine the potential role of these compounds in apoptosis. The compound ellagic acid and quercetin were tested at concentrations ranging from 0.05mM to 50.0mM. Cell viability was tested over three treatment times: 24, 48, and 72 hours. The compounds' effect on cell viability was measured using colorimetric assays: MTT assay and resazurin assay. The study contained two hypotheses. The first hypothesis was that increasing amounts of the compounds ellagic acid and quercetin would increase cell viability in T41 cells. The second hypothesis was that a longer treatment time (48 or 72 hours) would also increase cell viability in T41 cells.
14. THE EFFECTS OF NICOTINE, LOZENGE, AND CIGARETTE SMOKE ON SJCRH30 CELLS
Author(s):
Olivia Grbavac, Millikin University
Dr. Jennifer Schroeder, Millikin University
Faculty Sponsor(s):
Dr. Jennifer Schroeder
Abstract/Description:
The effects of cigarettes (cigarette smoke) have been known for centuries. Cigarettes contain chemicals like carbon monoxide, lead, acetone, butane, tar, and other toxic ingredients that are reported to cause cancer formation and potentially increase the rate of growth of existing cancerous cells. These risks exist not only for the cigarette smoker, but also for those directly exposed to secondhand smoke. Alternatively, those who are trying to reduce their cancer risk may switch to a different nicotine source such as nicotine gum or lozenges. To identify if these alternatives impact cancer growth rates differently than nicotine or cigarettes, SJCRH30 rhabdomyosarcoma cells were treated with 0.05 uM to 5 uM nicotine, from purified chemical or ground nicotine lozenges, for 24 to 48 hours. The smoke from a single cigarette was extracted and dissolved into DMSO and created into a series of concentrations that included smoke extract or second hand smoke, and similar treatments were performed. The impact on cell viability was determined using MTT or resazurin colorimetric assays. I hypothesized that if the concentration of nicotine or smoke increased, then the viability of cells would also increase.
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15. SYNTHESIS OF RASPBERRY ENONE USING L-PROLINE
Author(s):
Faith Shuck, Millikin University
Faculty Sponsor(s):
Dr. George Bennett
Abstract/Description:
The growing popularity of green chemistry and the need for environmentally friendly alternative methods have generated an increasing interest in the use of organocatalysts. Many scientists are starting to use small organic compounds in place of organometallic catalysts. L-proline is a well-known amino acid that has been successfully used as an organocatalyst in many aldol-condensation reactions with various aldehydes. P-hydroxy benzalacetone is the dehydrated raspberry ketone compound, also referred to as the raspberry enone. Raspberry ketone is used in many over-the-counter weight loss products and has been shown to have many potential protective effects on metabolic disease. The demand for raspberry ketone has increased in recent years due to these claims. Due to increased demand for the compound, the lack of natural availability, and ineffective extraction processes, raspberry ketone has become one of the most expensive additives for the food and cosmetics industry. It was found that L-proline may be a suitable catalyst in the synthesis of raspberry enone from 4-hydroxy benzaldehyde and acetone. This methodology can be applied to other aldehydes to create nutraceutical compounds efficiently and safely,which will ultimately protect both the consumer and the environment.
16. SYNTHESIS AND ELECTROCHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF NOVEL IRON-CONTAINING COMPLEX IONS AS REDOX COUPLES FOR USE IN NON-AQUEOUS FLOW CELLS
Author(s):
Adam Walker, Millikin University
Dr. Paris Barnes, Millikin University
Faculty Sponsor(s):
Dr. Paris Barnes
Abstract/Description:
Flow batteries have historically been developed using redox couples in aqueous solutions. Aqueous solutions used in flow batteries can lead to an evolution of O2 and H2 gases which produce a risk of combustion and lower cell potential. Unique Fe-containing complex ion redox couples were designed using a mathematical model to predict ligand electrochemical potentials. Compounds were designed to achieve an approximate potential of 2 V, to contain non-toxic and abundant chemical components, and to be affordable. After designed complexes are synthesized, cyclic voltammetry was performed to determine the reduction potentials. Through testing known redox couples, electrochemical values associated with the ligands and metal centers will be used to predict and design a compound suitable for an organic solvent-based flow cell.
17. INTEGRATING INQUIRY AND ICP-OES ANALYSIS INTO GENERAL CHEMISTRY LAB
Author(s):
Kathleen Bearden, Millikin University
Dr. Kyle Knust, Millikin University
Faculty Sponsor(s):
Dr. Kyle Knust
Abstract/Description:
Here, we discuss the development of a three-week inquiry-driven lab for general chemistry students to determine the empirical formula of a student synthesized unknown inorganic coordination compound containing iron, potassium, oxalate, and water. The incorporation of inquiry was achieved by shifting from a confirmation-based lab to an inquiry-based determination of an unknown product based on a series of chemical analyses. The percent composition of water was determined by dehydration, oxalate percent composition by titration, and iron and potassium percent compositions were determined by ICP-OES. The calculated percent compositions were then used to establish the empirical formula of the unknown compound.
18. SYNTHESIS OF POTENTIAL INHIBITORS OF ALDOSTERONE SYNTHASE (CYP11B2) VIA ALDOL CONDENSATION METHODOLOGY
Author(s):
Isabella Sia, Millikin University
Dr. George Bennett, Millikin University
Faculty Sponsor(s):
Dr. George Bennett
Abstract/Description:
Aldosterone synthase (CYP11B2) creates the steroid hormone aldosterone, which regulates the levels of sodium and potassium in the blood. However, high levels of aldosterone can lead to harmful effects such as high blood pressure, congestive heart failure, and renal disease. Despite the benefits of aldosterone synthase inhibitors, the synthesis required to make these pharmaceuticals can lead to hazardous waste and risk. As a possible solution to reduce hazards, a greener method of synthesizing aldosterone inhibitors could potentially minimize health risks and toxic waste by utilizing safer solvents and reactants. In this research, the alternative method is a solventless synthesis of an ⍺,β-unsaturated enone involving an aldol condensation reaction utilizing variants of nonhalogenated and halogenated indanones (example halogens: F, Cl, and Br), the aldehyde reagent 4-pyrdinecarboxaldehyde (CAS# 872-85-5), and solid NaOH (CAS# 1310-73-2) pellets as the main starting materials. In addition, small amounts of reagents 5% HCl (CAS# 7647-10-1) and 5% sodium bicarbonate (CAS# 144-55-88), along with heat, were added to promote dehydration. The crystallization and purification techniques of the crude products involve vapor diffusion and rotary evaporation. The characterization techniques involve Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), melting point, and thin layer and column chromatography.
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19. REREADING THE MANUSCRIPT: AN ANALYSIS ON THIRTEEN MASHUPS FROM TAYLOR SWIFT'S THE ERAS TOUR
Author(s):
Tabitha Barowsky, Millikin University
Faculty Sponsor(s):
Dr. Katherine Leo
Abstract/Description:
Each Taylor Swift song has its own story. As audiences listen to and interpret these songs, according to Swift's life, they also often find their own personal connections. During her 2023-2024 The Eras Tour, Swift began performing mashups of two or three songs from her own catalog during the Surprise Song section. These performances made each concert unique for audiences, motivating over 10 million global fans to engage with these beloved songs in new and complex ways, through both concert attendance and social media dialogue. How do these mashups reveal Taylor Swift's approach to audience engagement and what new narratives are generated by the Surprise Song section? This study sheds light on thirteen selected mashups and their meaning, before and after their Surprise Song mashup performance. Each mashup demonstrates that Swift would connect songs based on certain lyrical and musical patterns: from heartbreak to winning the girl, from hiding from fame to embracing it, and connecting different motifs, chord progressions, and melodic sequences. Through novel combinations of familiar music, lyrics, and referential "easter eggs," listeners interpret Swift's mashups based on her personal life when she wrote and released each song; and, for The Eras Tour, how Swift was feeling in the moment. These meanings become evident through fan discourse on social media, as fans both predict prior to and reflect after each concert. Swift is able to engage with her audience by playing highly guessed and requested mashups, creating new narratives by drafting a through line with her discography.
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20. ANESTHESIA MANAGEMENT OF CARDIOPULMONARY BYPASS FOR NOVICE ANESTHESIA PROVIDERS: A QUALITY IMPROVEMENT PROJECT
Author(s):
Kayla Gingerich, Millikin University & Decatur Memorial Hospital
Faculty Sponsor(s):
Dr. Katie McGill
Abstract/Description:
Cardiopulmonary bypass is a critical component of cardiac surgery, allowing for a motionless and bloodless surgical field. While perfusionists operate the CPB machine, anesthesia providers must possess knowledge of the initiation, maintenance, and discontinuation of CPB, as well as its physiological implications. Complications arising from inadequate training can result in significant patient morbidity and mortality. However, nurse anesthesia curricula often provide limited exposure to CPB, leaving novice anesthesia providers with gaps in knowledge and experience. This quality improvement project aimed to bridge this gap by implementing a simulation-based training program designed to enhance the knowledge and confidence of novice anesthesia providers in CPB management. Utilizing Patricia Benner's Novice to Expert Theory and the Plan-Do-Study-Act framework, the project developed a simulation experience tailored to second-year registered nurse anesthesia interns. Participants engaged in a pretest, educational presentation, high-fidelity simulation, and posttest to evaluate knowledge acquisition and skill development. Results demonstrated an improvement in knowledge and confidence among participants. Pretest assessments revealed that most participants had limited familiarity with CPB management, while posttest results indicated significant gains in understanding critical actions, monitoring requirements, and pharmacological considerations. Additionally, participants expressed high satisfaction with the simulation, emphasizing its effectiveness in preparing them for real-world cardiac anesthesia practice. The findings underscore the value of simulation-based education in anesthesia training, particularly in specialized areas such as CPB management. By providing a controlled, risk-free learning environment, simulation facilitates skill acquisition, enhances clinical preparedness, and promotes patient safety. Future recommendations include integrating simulation training into standard nurse anesthesia curricula.
21. INTRAOPERATIVE MAGNESIUM SULFATE PRACTICE GUIDELINE FOR PAIN REDUCTION: A QUALITY IMPROVEMENT PROJECT
Author(s):
Alexis Dockins, Millikin University
Faculty Sponsor(s):
Dr. Julie Auton
Abstract/Description:
Effective postoperative pain management remains a challenge in current perioperative care, and the excessive use of opioids for treatment is often associated with adverse effects, such as respiratory depression, delays in recovery, and increased healthcare cost (Azimi et al., 2023). A multimodal approach with opioid-sparing techniques for pain management has been adopted by enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) pathways and brings many benefits, including decreased postoperative pain scores, decreased opioid consumption, and improved recovery (Ibrahim et al., 2022; Meng et al., 2021; Sartori et al., 2020). Magnesium sulfate administration is a known adjunct in ERAS protocols, however, many providers are still not utilizing this medication. A quality improvement project will provide education to anesthesia providers related to the administration of magnesium sulfate to decrease postoperative opioid needs and examine the impact of the education on providers’ knowledge and inclination to administer magnesium sulfate intraoperatively for pain management.
22. REDUCING VARIATION IN ASSESSMENT OF PHYSICAL STATUS AMONG ANESTHESIA PROVIDERS: A QUALITY IMPROVEMENT PROJECT
Author(s):
David Winters, Millikin University
Faculty Sponsor(s):
Dr. Pamela Laskowski
Abstract/Description:
The Physical Status classification system is utilized to assess and communicate a patient's pre-anesthesia medical co-morbidities. The classification system is also used for the proper allocation of resources, reimbursement through billing, and the development of risk models. The identified problem with the classification system is that it remains subjective in nature and thus leads to moderate levels of interrater variability while assessing patients. The aim of this quality improvement project was to assess the level of variability of physical status scoring by anesthesia providers at the local health system, provide education and reference aids to reduce variability in scoring of patients, and then reassess the knowledge base of the same local providers to determine improved accuracy of the scoring system.
23. CONTINUING EDUCATION IMPACT ON ACLS CERTIFIED NURSES DURING RECERTIFICATION CYCLES: A LITERATURE REVIEW
Author(s):
James Turner, Millikin University
Faculty Sponsor(s):
Dr. Gail Fyke
Abstract/Description:
The correlation between ACLS training and patient survival compared to nurses who are afforded or frequently trained in ACLS between initial certification and re-certification.
24. IMPLEMENTATION OF EVIDENCE-BASED PRACTICE GUIDELINES AND SIMULATION TO IMPROVE MANAGEMENT OF ANESTHESIA CARE FOR PATIENTS WITH CANCER UNDERGOING THORACOSCOPIC LUNG RESECTION
Author(s):
Alexis Stouffe, Millikin University
Faculty Sponsor(s):
Dr. Dana Flatley
Abstract/Description:
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death in the United States. Metastatic disease recurrence is the most common cause of cancer deaths. The most effective treatment for early-stage lung cancer is surgical resection. Surgical approaches for lung cancer historically included very invasive procedures including open thoracotomies, which came with many consequences for the patient with cancer. Recently, surgical procedures for lung cancer have evolved and have moved towards less invasive approaches such as thoracoscopic lung resection. Perioperatively, anesthesia management has been proven to affect the short and long-term outcomes of patients with lung cancer. This quality improvement project is intended to increase knowledge among certified registered nurse anesthetists (CRNA) about the protocols and benefits of incorporating ultrasound-guided paravertebral nerve blocks and total intravenous anesthesia (TIVA) into the anesthesia care of patients with cancer who require thoracoscopic lung resection.
25. IMPLEMENTATION OF A CRISIS MANAGEMENT SIMULATION FOR MANAGEMENT OF A PERIOPERATIVE MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION: A QUALITY IMPROVEMENT PROJECT
Author(s):
Alix Phelps, Millikin University
Dr. Dana Flatley, Millikin University
Dr. Jamie Nickell, Millikin University
Faculty Sponsor(s):
Dr. Jamie Nickell
Abstract/Description:
Perioperative myocardial infarction (PMI) is a rare event with the potential to cause patient death, cardiac arrest, delayed hospital discharge, increased hospital costs, and significant patient disability. A myocardial infarction (MI) under anesthesia often presents atypically, putting the patient at risk for delayed diagnosis and treatment. Novice anesthesia providers are at increased risk for failing to recognize intraoperative MI due to the relatively low incidence of this condition as well as lack of experience in recognition of its manifestations. However, simulation learning activities can help bridge this gap by providing learners with meaningful experience in managing adverse events. This quality improvement project aimed to enhance the skills of anesthesia providers related to management of care for patients at risk of PMI by way of evidence-based education and simulation. The simulation, which focused on recognition and management of intraoperative MI with an emphasis on atypical symptoms, was implemented at a state conference for anesthesia providers. Only 5% of participants had knowingly provided care for a patient who experienced PMI. This finding substantiated the need to develop skills related to management of care for patients at risk of PMI. Results showed that most participants reported an increased ability to identify symptoms of PMI following the simulation activity, and all participants unanimously felt that simulation of PMI as a learning activity was beneficial to their anesthesia practice. Recommendations for future research include replicating this project with blind simulation to evaluate provider recognition of an unknown simulation activity to better replicate clinical experience.
26. IMPLEMENTATION OF A MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION CRISIS MANAGEMENT SIMULATION SESSION FOR ANESTHESIA PROVIDERS: A QUALITY IMPROVEMENT PROJECT
Author(s):
Caroline G. Bryan Millikin University
Alix A. Phelps, Millikin University
Dr. Audra Trump, Millikin University
Faculty Sponsor(s):
Dr. Audra Trump
Abstract/Description:
Perioperative myocardial infarction (PMI) poses significant risks to patients undergoing surgery, as it often presents without typical symptoms while under anesthesia, complicating early detection and intervention. This DNP project aimed to enhance the competency of anesthesia providers in managing PMI crises through simulation-based training. The project targeted Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetists (CRNAs) and Student Registered Nurse Anesthetists (SRNAs), seeking to improve their ability to recognize and manage intraoperative myocardial ischemia. A total of 19 anesthesia providers participated in the simulation-based training, completing pre- and post-simulation surveys to assess changes in knowledge, confidence, and perceptions of the simulation's effectiveness. The results indicated a statistically significant improvement in knowledge, with mean survey scores rising from 5.95 out of 12 to 9.26 out of 12 (p < 0.001). Participants also reported increased confidence, with the average confidence score increasing from 2.4 to 3.3 on a 5-point Likert scale. The simulation was perceived as highly beneficial, with 100% of participants agreeing that it improved their skills in identifying and managing PMI. These findings support the hypothesis that simulation training enhances anesthesia providers' knowledge and confidence in managing intraoperative myocardial infarction. This project supports the value of simulation-based education in improving clinical practice, thereby promoting patient safety and reducing adverse outcomes in perioperative settings. Further research is recommended to explore the long-term impact of simulation training on clinical practice and patient outcomes.
27. ENHANCING SCHOOL NURSES' KNOWLEDGE OF CONCUSSION MANAGEMENT THROUGH EVIDENCE-BASED EDUCATION
Author(s):
Tara Morris, Millikin University
Faculty Sponsor(s):
Dr. Audra Trump
Abstract/Description:
Concussions are a common and potentially serious injury among school-aged children, yet many school nurses report limited knowledge and confidence in managing these injuries effectively. This Doctor of Nursing Practice (DNP) project aimed to improve school nurses' understanding and implementation of evidence-based concussion protocols through a structured educational intervention. The project included a pre-test to assess baseline knowledge, an educational session grounded in current best practices, and a post-test to measure changes in knowledge and confidence. While data analysis is still underway, the project highlights the importance of equipping school nurses with up-to-date information to support safe return-to-learn and return-to-play decisions. The intervention has the potential to strengthen school-based concussion care and promote better outcomes for student health and academic performance.
28. IMPACT OF EDUCATIONAL INTERVENTIONS ON PARENTS' TRANSITION FROM NICU TO HOME: A LITERATURE REVIEW
Author(s):
Marissa Schultz, Millikin University
Faculty Sponsor(s):
Dr. Susan Ainsworth
Abstract/Description:
The transition from the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) to home is a critical and often challenging time for parents, especially those caring for infants with complex health needs or preterm births. This literature review evaluates how educational interventions can support parents during this challenging shift, comparing the experiences of those who participate in such interventions with those who do not. Parents face many challenges, including managing complex medical needs, dealing with emotional stress, and navigating the uncertainties associated with their new caregiving role. Educational interventions designed to assist parents during this transition can provide guidance, emotional support, and coping strategies, empowering them to handle the demands of home care more confidently. Through this review, various educational interventions, including training programs, mobile health applications, and supportive strategies, were evaluated on their effectiveness in preparing parents for discharge. Additionally, barriers that can affect a smooth transition were identified, including emotional distress, feelings of isolation, and the lack of standardized educational programs. The review also examines emotional readiness and available support systems that can potentially affect the success of the transition. The findings suggest that structured educational programs significantly improve outcomes for both parents and infants, emphasizing their importance in enhancing overall well-being during this critical period.
29. IMPACT OF NURSE-DRIVEN INTERVENTIONS ON DELIRIUM INCIDENCE IN HOSPITALIZED ADULTS
Author(s):
Emily Huttes, Millikin University
Faculty Sponsor(s):
Dr. Teresa Gulley
Abstract/Description:
Delirium is a common and critical condition primarily affecting hospitalized patients and can lead to prolonged duration of hospital stays and increased mortality. It is imperative the healthcare team act with swiftness and efficiency to correct the underlying problem to return the patient to their baseline mental functioning. This literature review was conducted to explore in hospitalized adults, how does nurse driven interventions compared to current practices affect the incidence of delirium. This study suggests that a comprehensive understanding of delirium by nursing staff is essential for early detection and effective treatment, ultimately leading to improved patient outcomes and reduced hospital stays and mortality rates.
30. EFFECTS OF MUSIC THERAPY IN CANCER PATIENTS
Author(s):
Gracie Shemwell, Millikin University
Faculty Sponsor(s):
Dr. Teresa Gulley
Abstract/Description:
Cancer treatment and therapy is not a one-size-fits-all approach, as many teams and providers must work together to figure out the best individualized plan for each patient. Music therapy is one of the many non-medicinal options that has increased in popularity with the treatment and management of cancer symptoms over the last decade. The purpose of this literature review was to determine in cancer patients, how does music therapy, compared to no music therapy, influence their outlook on life, including improvements in mood and overall emotional well-being? Some potential implications regarding music therapy with cancer patients may include stress and anxiety reduction, pain reduction, and overall increase in quality of life. Knowing the benefits of music therapy may help nurses educate patients about symptom management of cancer and encourage the use of non-medicinal therapies to aid in relieving symptoms.
31. COLD CAPPING FOR CHEMOTHERAPY PATIENTS: A LITERATURE REVIEW
Author(s):
Alec Mallinder, Millikin University
Faculty Sponsor(s):
Dr. Teresa Gulley
Abstract/Description:
Cold capping is a new technique that patients are using to prevent one of the worst side effects of cancer treatment, alopecia. In addition to the harmful effects to the patient's physical well-being that chemotherapy creates, alopecia causes anxiety and altered body image in these cases as well. This literature review was conducted to explore the efficacy of cold capping in patients receiving chemotherapy for cancer treatment. Having a better understanding of how effective cold capping is in preventing chemotherapy induced alopecia will allow healthcare professionals to offer valuable insights to cancer patients prior to undergoing chemotherapy.
32. EPIDURAL VS. ALTERNATIVE PAIN MANAGEMENT IN LABORING WOMEN
Author(s):
Stephanie Ekeopara, Millikin University
Faculty Sponsor(s):
Dr. Teresa Gulley
Abstract/Description:
The process of labor and delivery is a natural daily occurrence, but every mother has their own birth plan and choice of pain management during the labor process. The use of an epidural in labor and delivery is a common pain management technique that is provided as an option for the mother. Although an epidural has been deemed to be effective, there are alternative pain management techniques. This literature review was conducted to explore in laboring women the benefits of alternative pain management during labor and delivery compared to the use of an epidural in maintaining the ability of the mother to care for the baby postpartum and overall maternal satisfaction. In this literature review, I searched the CINAHL database, Cochrane Library, and PubMed. Keywords that were used in the search of journal articles were epidural use, non-pharmacological pain management, postpartum, neonatal care, labor, alternative pain management, and postpartum care. Results of literature review will be presented; these results can help nurses understand pain relief options and the impact on mother and baby. By understanding these outcomes, it can provide insight to educate and support laboring women.
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33. CONSTRAINING THE PROPERTIES OF MILKY WAY DWARF SPHEROIDALS WITH SURFACE BRIGHTNESS AND VELOCITY DISPERSION DATA
Author(s):
Ean Haggerty, Millikin University
Edwin Monroe, Millikin University
Dr. Casey Watson, Millikin University
Faculty Sponsor(s):
Dr. Casey Watson
Abstract/Description:
Using a combination of surface brightness data, velocity dispersion data, and virial shape parameters, we simultaneously constrain the velocity anisotropy and dark matter mass profiles of Milky Way dwarf spheroidals (dSphs). Our findings indicate strong correlations between the distributions of visible and dark matter within the dSphs and provide further insights into the cusp vs. core debate.
34. ELECTRICITY IN THE AIR: USING ROOF-MOUNTED WIND TURBINES TO PARTIALLY RECHARGE EV BATTERIES AND EXTEND EV RANGE
Author(s):
Ean Haggerty, Millikin University
Kendra Marnul, Millikin University
Edwin Monroe, Millikin University
Lissa Mpinganzima, Millikin University
Nick Lynch, SKS Engineers
Dr. Casey R. Watson, Millikin University
Faculty Sponsor(s):
Dr. Casey Watson
Abstract/Description:
Drivers of electric vehicles (EVs) are currently limited to 200 - 350 miles of range on a single charge. In this study, we consider the use of roof-mounted, horizontal axis wind turbines (HAWTs) as a means of possibly extending EV range. As a function of (simulated) vehicle speed, v, i.e., encountered wind speed, we measured the rotation rates, drag force, FD, and corresponding drag power losses, PD, experienced by several HAWT models. For top performing HAWTs (high RPMs and low drag), we then measured the power generated, PT, as a function of v. Our HAWT power data is well described by Betz’s law: PT = Av3. The power loss due to drag has approximately the same speed-dependence: PD = FDv = Dv3. We find that the top performing HAWTs are capable of partially recharging EV batteries (i.e., A > D)
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35. MENTAL HEALTH AND CRIME: A POLICY REVIEW
Author(s):
Demetrios Gerretse, Millikin University
Faculty Sponsor(s):
Dr. Scott Mathers
Abstract/Description:
My poster will include the main topic of mental health and crime. The main aim of this poster is to look at policies and review how they are implemented into the justice system. My approach will be a mix of quantitative and qualitative data that will accompany a policy that I recommend, which will help this situation of dire mental health issues which would in turn cause crime. My findings will include how much we are spending to lessen this issue, how it is continued after incarceration, and how to help rehabilitate those during their time in jail. A result of my policy would ideally, continuously help those in need of the support that they would normally lack until a certain period.
36. PROHIBITING LAWMAKERS FROM STOCK TRADING TO PREVENT INSIDER TRADING
Author(s):
Erle Fernandes, Millikin University
Faculty Sponsor(s):
Dr. Scott Mathers
Abstract/Description:
This assessment evaluates legislative stock trading policies through a legal and ethical perspective to stress insider trading dangers along with potential conflicts of interest and inadequate coverage of the STOCK Act. The privileged information of Nancy Pelosi and Richard Burr and Chris Collins demonstrates existing structural flaws in the law that enables lawmaking politicians to generate profits illegally even though ordinary Americans must abide by the same laws. A return of public trust requires a legislative proposal involving three rules: banning all stock ownership by legislators and their families, establishing mandatory blind trusts, as well as improved oversight measures and amplified penalties to deter abuse and maintain accountability.
37. REHABILITATIVE JUSTICE VS. PUNITIVE INCARCERATION
Author(s):
Deja Hobbs, Millikin University
Dr. Scott Mathers, Millikin University
Faculty Sponsor(s):
Dr. Scott Mathers
Abstract/Description:
This policy debrief compares the Norway Model and the Scandal Model of incarceration, focusing on their effectiveness in rehabilitation, recidivism rates, and their broader impact on society. The Norway Model is centered on rehabilitation, offering humane living conditions, education and vocational training, and mental health support. It emphasizes restorative justice practices, where offenders are treated as individuals in need of reintegration into society. This model has been shown to significantly lower recidivism rates, with Norway boasting one of the lowest at around 20%, and contributing to safer communities. In contrast, the Scandal Model is a punitive approach, marked by overcrowded, harsh conditions, long sentences, and minimal rehabilitative programs. This system often leads to high recidivism rates (50-70%), increased prison violence, and significant societal challenges for ex-offenders. Financially, the Norway Model, despite higher upfront costs, results in long-term savings through reduced recidivism and rehabilitation efforts, whereas the Scandal Model places a considerable financial burden on taxpayers with little return on investment. Additionally, the rehabilitative approach of the Norway Model fosters successful reintegration and reduces crime rates, while the punitive system creates cycles of incarceration and societal instability. Overall, the debrief advocates for policy changes that emphasize rehabilitation, mental health support, and reintegration programs as seen in the Norway Model, highlighting their potential to create a more humane and effective criminal justice system.
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